{"id":26242,"date":"2024-02-11T19:01:03","date_gmt":"2024-02-11T19:01:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alnamozag.com\/highschool\/?post_type=courses&p=26242"},"modified":"2024-10-09T16:16:33","modified_gmt":"2024-10-09T16:16:33","slug":"35chemistry-for-the-second-secondary-grade-second-term","status":"publish","type":"courses","link":"https:\/\/alnamozag.com\/highschool\/courses\/35chemistry-for-the-second-secondary-grade-second-term\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\n
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<\/div>\n

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\n

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\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621<\/h3>\n

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\n\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0647.<\/div>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628: <\/strong>
\n\u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0645\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628.<\/div>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>
\n\u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629.<\/div>\n

\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n
\"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c
\n\u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u061b \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u061b \u0643\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0636\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n
\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 250 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0633\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628\u060c<\/div>\n
\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\n

\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u064f\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u064a .<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h1>\n
\n
\n

\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u060c<\/p>\n

\"\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629
\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c
\n\u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637.<\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n
\u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u061b<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0634\u062d\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n
\u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u060c
\n\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u060c
\n\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a.<\/div>\n
\n

\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h1>\n
\n
\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u060c
\n\u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0628 8 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c
\n\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/div>\n

\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624<\/h3>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (H).<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Li).<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Na).<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 (K).<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Rb).<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0633\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Cs).<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
\n

\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Fr).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624<\/h3>\n
\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Be).<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Mg).<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Ca).<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Sr).<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Ba).<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
\n

\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Ra).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624<\/h3>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646 (B).<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Al).<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Ga).<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (In).<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
\n

\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Ti).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n
\"\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a
\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\n
\n
\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/b>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 (bonding molecular\u00a0orbital<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>) <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/b>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 (antibonding molecular\u00a0orbital<\/b>) \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/b>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 , \u0625\u0645\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/b>\u00a0\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 …<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/h3>\n
\n
\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0648\u00a0\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n

\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/h1>\n

-\u0647\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n

-\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/p>\n

-\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632<\/p>\n

-\u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n

-\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h1>\n
\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n
\n

\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 7\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0645\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n
\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629: Alkali metal) \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Li)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Na)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 (K)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Rb)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Cs)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Fr)\u060c<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0651<\/h3>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0651 ( Atomic number) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 (Z)\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0651\u0629\u060c<\/div>\n
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<\/div>\n
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<\/div>\n
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\n\u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
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\n

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\n
\n

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1-\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/div>\n
2-\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628<\/div>\n
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7-\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/div>\n
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\n

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\n
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\n

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\n

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\n
\n

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\n

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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\n
\n
\n
\n

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\n
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\n

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*\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643<\/strong><\/div>\n
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*\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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